Evaluation of oxidative stress markers in ethanol users

Ethanol is a central nervous system depressant that is widely consumed worldwide. When consumed chronically, it may have several consequences to the organism, such as oxidative stress. Ethanol metabolism increases the production of oxidant molecules and its consumption may cause changes in enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems that maintain cellular homeostasis. The activity of endogenous enzymes and lipid peroxidation are altered in alcohol consumers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate oxidative stress parameters in ethanol users compared to a control group. For that, the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), and malondialdehyde were evaluated. The influence of the amount of ethanol consumed on the analyzed parameters was also verified. The group of alcohol users consisted of 52 volunteers, 85% male and 15% female, with a mean age of 41±13 years. The control group consisted of 50 non-drinkers, 40% male and 60% female, with a mean age of 50±10 years. There was a significant difference in superoxide dismutase (P<0.001) and malondialdehyde (P=0.007) measurements between groups, as both parameters were increased in the group of ethanol users. Because of the higher amount of ethanol consumed, there was an increase of the catalase activity parameters and gradual reduction of FRAP. Thus, the ethanol-consuming participants were most likely under oxidative stress.

Abdominal ultrasound in amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) (Natterer, 1883) / Ultrassonografia abdominal em peixe boi amazônico (Trichechus inunguis (Natterer, 1883)

Morphophysiological species researches are fundamental, and diagnostic imaging is an excellent technique, already used in wild animals, with great application, not invasive and provide real-time information of each body. Amazonian manatees are on the list of endangered animals classified in the vulnerable category and knowledge of the normal pattern of ultrasound anatomy of organs and tissues is important for the maintenance and well-being of captive specimens contributing to reintroduction actions. The objective of the study was to standardize the examination technique and describe the ultrasound findings of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder and the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal region in Trichechus inunguis, in order to contribute with the anatomical and sonographic knowledge and assist in the diagnosis and prognosis diseases. The study used 18 animals to describe the normal sonographic anatomy in the abdominal cavity of the Amazonian manatee. During abdominal scan, it was possible to visualize the features of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder obtained satisfactory results in this study. Therefore, other structures were not primarily identified by the reduced time, lots of fat and gases in intestines of animals.

Pesquisas morfofisiológicas em espécies selvagens são fundamentais, e o diagnóstico por imagem é uma excelente técnica, já usada e com grande aplicação, não invasiva e que fornece informações em tempo real de cada órgão. Peixes-boi-amazônico encontram-se na lista de animais ameaçados de extinção classificados na categoria vulnerável e o conhecimento do padrão normal da anatomia ultrassonográfica de órgãos e tecidos é importante para a manutenção e bem-estar de espécimes em cativeiro contribuindo para ações de reintrodução. O objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar a técnica de exame e descrever os achados ultrassonográficos do fígado, vesícula biliar, estômago, vesícula urinária e o tecido subcutâneo da região abdominal em Trichechus inunguis, de modo a contribuir com o conhecimento anátomo-sonográfico e auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico de doenças. O estudo utilizou 18 animais para descrever a anatomia ultrassonográfica normal na cavidade abdominal de peixe-boi amazônico. Durante a varredura abdominal foi possível visualizar as características dos órgãos obtendo resultados satisfatórios neste estudo, concluindo ser uma técnica eficiente para avaliação de determinados órgãos abdominais em peixe-boi amazônico. Entretanto, outras estruturas não foram identificadas principalmente pelo tempo reduzido, muita gordura e gases nos intestinos dos animais.

Abdominal ultrasound in amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) (Natterer, 1883)

Abstract Morphophysiological species researches are fundamental, and diagnostic imaging is an excellent technique, already used in wild animals, with great application, not invasive and provide real-time information of each body. Amazonian manatees are on the list of endangered animals classified in the vulnerable category and knowledge of the normal pattern of ultrasound anatomy of organs and tissues is important for the maintenance and well-being of captive specimens contributing to reintroduction actions. The objective of the study was to standardize the examination technique and describe the ultrasound findings of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder and the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal region in Trichechus inunguis, in order to contribute with the anatomical and sonographic knowledge and assist in the diagnosis and prognosis diseases. The study used 18 animals to describe the normal sonographic anatomy in the abdominal cavity of the Amazonian manatee. During abdominal scan, it was possible to visualize the features of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder obtained satisfactory results in this study. Therefore, other structures were not primarily identified by the reduced time, lots of fat and gases in intestines of animals.

Resumo Pesquisas morfofisiológicas em espécies selvagens são fundamentais, e o diagnóstico por imagem é uma excelente técnica, já usada e com grande aplicação, não invasiva e que fornece informações em tempo real de cada órgão. Peixes-boi-amazônico encontram-se na lista de animais ameaçados de extinção classificados na categoria vulnerável e o conhecimento do padrão normal da anatomia ultrassonográfica de órgãos e tecidos é importante para a manutenção e bem-estar de espécimes em cativeiro contribuindo para ações de reintrodução. O objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar a técnica de exame e descrever os achados ultrassonográficos do fígado, vesícula biliar, estômago, vesícula urinária e o tecido subcutâneo da região abdominal em Trichechus inunguis, de modo a contribuir com o conhecimento anátomo-sonográfico e auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico de doenças. O estudo utilizou 18 animais para descrever a anatomia ultrassonográfica normal na cavidade abdominal de peixe-boi amazônico. Durante a varredura abdominal foi possível visualizar as características dos órgãos obtendo resultados satisfatórios neste estudo, concluindo ser uma técnica eficiente para avaliação de determinados órgãos abdominais em peixe-boi amazônico. Entretanto, outras estruturas não foram identificadas principalmente pelo tempo reduzido, muita gordura e gases nos intestinos dos animais

Apparent selectivity of sheep in deferred marandu palisadegrass pastures with variable initial heights / Seletividade aparente de ovinos em pastos de capim-marandu diferidos com alturas iniciais variáveis

The objective of this study was to evaluate the apparent selectivity of sheep in marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) pastures with four heights at the beginning of the deferment period (15, 25, 35 and 45cm). The deferment period was 92 days and started on 03/21/2014. Evaluations occurred in the beginning (first week), middle (45th day) and end (92nd day) of the grazing period, in winter (06/21/2014 to 09/21/2014). Deferred pastures with 15 and 25cm presented lower forage mass (FM), but higher live leaf (LL) percentage in FM than deferred pastures with 35 and 45cm. The live stem percentage in the FM and the apparent selectivity index (ASI) of the LL were superior in the deferred pasture with 45cm. The dead stem (DS) percentage in the grazing simulation (GS) and the ASI of this morphological component were lower in the pasture with 15cm, compared to the deferred pasture with 45cm. The FM and the LL percentages in FM and in the GS sample decreased, while the DS percentages in FM and in GS sample increased with the grazing period. Marandu palisadegrass with 15cm at beginning of the deferment period improves the morphology of the deferred pasture. Selective grazing is difficult during the grazing period.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade aparente de ovinos em pastos de capim-marandu (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) com quatro alturas no início do diferimento (15, 25, 35 e 45cm). O período de diferimento foi de 92 dias e iniciou em 21/03/2014. As avaliações ocorreram no início (primeira semana), meio (45° dia) e fim (92° dia) do período de pastejo, no inverno (21/06/2014 a 21/09/2014). Os pastos diferidos com 15 e 25cm apresentaram menor massa de forragem (MF), mas maior percentual de folha viva (FV) na MF do que os pastos diferidos com 35 e 45cm. O percentual de colmo vivo na MF e o índice de seletividade aparente (ISA) da FV foram superiores no pasto diferido com 45cm. O percentual de colmo morto (CM) na simulação de pastejo (SP) e o ISA desse componente morfológico foram menores no pasto diferido com 15cm, em comparação ao diferido com 45cm. A MF e os percentuais de FV na MF e na amostra de SP se reduziram, enquanto os percentuais de CM na MF e na amostra de SP aumentaram com o período de pastejo. O capim-marandu com 15cm no início do período de diferimento melhora a morfologia do pasto diferido. O pastejo seletivo é dificultado no decorrer do período de pastejo.(AU)

Histological and Histochemical Characterization of the Midgut of Healthy Aedes aegypti Larvae

Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) is the predominant mosquito vector of several arboviruses such as dengue fever, yellow fever, chikungunya and zika. The larval stage is the major period of feeding and growth of these insects. Many of the products tested for Ae. aegypti control are ingested by the larvae in their natural environment or under laboratory conditions. In some situations, the identification of tissue lesions caused by the ingestion of such products serves as the primary way to understand their mechanism of action and confirm their effectiveness. Therefore, we aimed to conduct studies on the histological and histochemical characteristics of Ae. aegypti larvae in order to contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenicity caused by chemical or biological products for larval control. Therefore, we characterized tissues in the midgut of healthy Ae. aegypti larvae and present high quality images. These images are intended for comparison with results of morphohistochemical studies testing the effect of control substances in mosquito larvae.

Linfoma primário de células T no líquido cefalorraquidiano de cão: relato de caso / Characterization of primary t-cell lymphoma (CD3 +) in Csf of a dog: case report

Relata-se o diagnóstico de linfoma primário no sistema nervoso central em um cão Labrador Retrievier, de 10 anos de idade, que apresentava episódios convulsivos, incoordenação nos membros posteriores, head tilt, ataxia e sensibilidade diminuída no lado esquerdo. Constataram-se alterações laterais esquerdas, como ausências de propriocepção e de posicionamento tátil, alterações posteriores nas provas de carrinho de mão e de reação ao pulo e diminuição da extensão da postura e hemilocomoção. No líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR), houve predomínio de linfócitos atípicos, caracterizados pela presença de anisocitose e anisocariose, nucléolos evidentes e anisonucleose, basofilia e microvacuolização citoplasmáticas, mitoses atípicas e corpúsculos linfoglandulares, compatíveis com linfoma, confirmado pelo exame histológico e imunocitoquímico, o qual revelou origem T, com expressão CD3+ e CD79-. A tomografia computadorizada não foi conclusiva e evidenciou diversas áreas hipodensas e intensificação de contraste na região de sulcos e giros do parênquima encefálico. A coleta do LCR foi essencial na rapidez do diagnóstico definitivo, indicando a natureza rara desta lesão primária.

A primary lymphoma in the central nervous system in a 10 year-old Labrador Retriever presenting seizures, hind limb incoordination, head tilt, ataxia and decreased sensitivity on the left side was reported. Regarding postural reactions, there were changes in the left side such as proprioceptive and tactile positioning defects, and in the posterior reaction tests such as wheelbarrowing and limb hopping, along with a reduction in the extensor postural thrust reaction and hemi-walking response. A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed a predominance of atypical lymphocytes characterized by pleocytosis, marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis, evident nucleoli and anisonucleosis, cytoplasmic basophilia and microvacuolation, atypical mitotic figures and lymphoglandular bodies. These findings were compatible with lymphoma, which was confirmed by histopathology and immunocytochemistry that showed a T-cell origin, with CD3 + and CD79- expression. A computed tomography scan was inconclusive and showed several hypodense areas and a contrast enhancement in the sulci and gyri region of the brain parenchyma. The CSF analysis was essential for a quicker definitive diagnosis, indicating the nature of this rare primary injury.

Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection and acid blockade by lansoprazole on clarithromycin bioavailability

The effect of proton pump inhibitors and Helicobacter pylori infection on the bioavailability of antibiotics is poorly understood. We determined the effects of 5-day oral administration of 60 mg lansoprazole on the bioavailability of clarithromycin in individuals with and without H. pylori infection. Thirteen H. pylori-infected and 10 non-infected healthy volunteers were enrolled in a study with an open-randomized two-period crossover design and a 21-day washout period between phases. Plasma concentrations of clarithromycin in subjects with and without lansoprazole pre-treatment were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer. Clarithromycin Cmax and AUC0-10 h were significantly reduced after lansoprazole administration. In addition, lansoprazole treatment of the H. pylori-positive group resulted in a statistically significant greater reduction in Cmax (40 vs 15 percent) and AUC0-10 h (30 vs 10 percent) compared to lansoprazole-treated H. pylori-negative subjects. Thus, treatment with lansoprazole for 5 days reduced bioavailability of clarithromycin, irrespective of H. pylori status. This reduction, however, was even more pronounced in H. pylori-infected individuals.

The anti-IRBP IgG1 and IgG2a response does not correlate with susceptibility to experimental autoimmune uveitis

Susceptibility to experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in inbred mice has been associated with a dominant Th1 response. Elevated anti-inter-photoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (anti-IRBP) IgG2a/IgG1 antibody ratios have been implicated as candidate markers to predict disease severity. In the present study, both the anti-IRBP antibody isotype and severity of EAU phenotypes were examined in 4 non-isogenic genetically selected mouse lines to determine if they can be used as general markers of disease. Mice between 8 and 12 weeks old selected for high (H III) or low (L III) antibody response and for maximum (AIR MAX) or minimum (AIR MIN) acute inflammatory reaction (AIR) were immunized with IRBP. Each experiment was performed with at least 5 mice per group. EAU was evaluated by histopathology 21 days after immunization and the minimal criterion was inflammatory cell infiltration of the ciliary body, choroid and retina. Serum IgG1- and IgG2a-specific antibodies were determined by ELISA. EAU was graded by histological examination of the enucleated eyes. The incidence of EAU was lower in AIR MIN mice whereas in the other strains approximately 40 percent of the animals developed the disease. Low responder animals did not produce anti-IRBP IgG2a antibodies or interferon-gamma. No correlation was observed between susceptibility to EAU and anti-IRBP isotype profiles. Susceptibility to EAU is related to the intrinsic capacity to mount higher inflammatory reactions and increased production of anti-IRBP IgG2a isotype is not necessarily a marker of this immunologic profile.

Morphometry and Histochemistry of the Rectus abdominis Muscle Fibers of Tufted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus apella Linnaeus, 1758) / Morfometría e Histoquímica de las Fibras del Músculo Recto del Abdomen del Mono Capuchino Almohadillado (Cebus apella Linnaeus, 1758)

The phylogenetic proximity of primates to humans, along with their behavioral, biochemical, and anatomical similarities, make such animals more interesting experimental models for biomedical researches, as compared to classical laboratory animals. Another aspect that has called the attention of researchers is the differentiated quadrupedalism present in some primates. The tufted capuchin monkey uses the ground and tree branches as its support for locomotion, showing various postures while performing this task. On the basis of this information, we have decided to study the rectus abdominis muscle of the tufted capuchin monkey, with the following goals: the frequency and area of fiber types; its possible compartmentalization; and identify if this muscle is better adapted to phasic or postural activities. To do this, samples were removed from 4 regions of the rectus abdominis muscle of 6 adult male tufted capuchin monkeys, and were submitted to reaction with m-ATPase, (with alkaline and acid pre-incubation), NADH, and H.E.. Results showed: a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) for both frequency and area, between fiber types FG and FOG and FG and SO, but did not show a statistically significant difference between fibers FOG and SO, in all studied regions; similarity in frequency and area of a same fiber type (FG, FOG, and SO) among the studied regions. Based on these data, it was concluded that: the rectus abdominis muscle of the tufted capuchin monkey does not show fiber compartmentalization, since the distribution and size patterns of the different fiber types are similar in the studied regions; there is a predominance of fast twitch fibers (FG + FOG) over slow twitch fibers (SO), for frequency and area, which characterizes the muscle as being more dedicated to phasic than to postural activities.

La proximidad filogenética y las semejanzas de comportamiento, bioquímicos y anatómicos, de los primates con los humanos convierten a estos animales en modelos experimentales más interesantes para las investigaciones biomédicas, que los animales clásicos de laboratorio. Otro aspecto que ha llamado la atención de los investigadores es el movimiento cuádruple diferente que presentan algunos primates. El macado clavo se traslada usando como apoyo el suelo y las ramas de los árboles, presentando posturas variadas en la ejecución de esas tareas. En base a estas informaciones se resolvió estudiar el músculo recto del abdomen del macaco-clavo, con los siguientes objetivos: observar la frecuencia y el área de los tipos de fibras de este músculo; observar posibles diferencias entre e1las y sus regiones media proximal y distal; y su participación en la locomoción de este animal. Para ello, fueron retiradas 4 muestras de 4 regiones del músculo recto del abdomen, de 6 macacos-clavos machos adultos, que fueron sometidos a las reacciones de m-ATPasa (previa incubaciones alcalina y ácida), NADH y HE. Los resultados mostraron: diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) tanto en la frecuencia como en el área, entre las fibras del tipo FG y FOG y FG y SO, pero no presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las fibras FOG y SO, en todas las regiones estudiadas. Basándome en estos datos, se concluye que el músculo recto del abdomen del macaco-clavo no presenta división de sus fibras, pues los patrones de distribución y tamaño de los diferentes tipo de de fibras son semejantes en las regiones estudiadas con predominio de las fibras de contracción rápida (FG + FOG) sobre aquellas de contracción lenta (SO), tanto en la frecuencia como en el área, caracterizándolo como un músculo más adaptado para las actividades sutiles que posturales.

Cell cycle, DNA replication, repair, and recombination in the dimorphic human pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

DNA replication, together with repair mechanisms and cell cycle control, are the most important cellular processes necessary to maintain correct transfer of genetic information to the progeny. These processes are well conserved throughout the Eukarya, and the genes that are involved provide essential information for understanding the life cycle of an organism. We used computational tools for data mining of genes involved in these processes in the pathogenic fungus Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis. Data derived from transcriptome analysis revealed that the cell cycle of this fungus, as well as DNA replication and repair, and the recombination machineries, are highly similar to those of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Among orthologs detected in both species, there are genes related to cytoskeleton structure and assembly, chromosome segregation, and cell cycle control genes. We identified at least one representative gene from each step of the initiation of DNA replication. Major players in the process of DNA damage and repair were also identified.

Cytogenetic characteristics of patients with signs and symptoms of myelodysplastic syndromes in the State of Pará, Brazil

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal hematopoietic diseases characterized by medullary dysplasia, cytopenias, and frequent evolution to acute myeloid leukemia. In 1982, the French-American-British (FAB) group proposed a classification for the MDS, based on morphological characteristics of peripheral blood and of the bone marrow. Later, cytogenetics proved to be a useful tool for the refinement of prognosis, through the use of the International Prognosis Score System (IPSS), as well as through evidence of clonality. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a new classification for the MDS, based on significant modifications of the FAB proposal, with the inclusion of chromosome analysis. A cytogenetic analysis was made of 17 patients with symptoms of MDS in the State of Para, based on WHO recommendations, and application of the IPSS. Good metaphases were obtained for 13 patients; 12 had a normal karyotype and only one had a clonal abnormality, del(3)(p25). The genes related to neoplastic processes that have been mapped to 3p are: XPC in 3p25.1 and FANCD2 and VHL in 3p25-26. Four patients had classic symptoms of MDS; in the rest the possibility of MDS was excluded or several months of observation before diagnosis were recommended. Among those with MDS, it was not possible to apply IPSS and WHO recommendations, because fundamental data were lacking, specifically the medullary blast and ring sideroblast counts. We advocate the implementation of routine cytogenetic analyses for the study of MDS, especially in patients with moderate hematopoietic dysplasia

Emprego do torniquete de rommel modificado na oclusão temporária dos vasos renais, em nefrectomia parcial laparoscópica em suínos

O artigo não apresenta resumo.

Avaliaçao da eficácia da suplementaçao com melaço na dieta de ratos normais e depletados / Efficacy of adding molasses to the diet of normal and depleted rats

O melanço subproducto da industrializaçao da cana-de-açúcar tem sido bastante utilizado na alimentaçao desde a colonizaçao do Brasil. A eficácia da suplementaçao alimentar com o melanço no estado nutricional e nos níveis de hemoglobina, foi availada em animais de laboratorio normais e com depleçao protéica. A amostra foi constituída por quarenta (40) ratos Winstar machos, com vinte e um (21) dias de vida, recém-desmamados, divididos em quatro grupos de dez animais: Controle (raçao à base de caseína com 10,14 por ciento de proteína), Melanço (raçao experimental, à base de caseína com 10,14 por ciento de proteína e melanço à 12,50 por ciento) em substituiçao à igual quantidade de amido, Depletado Controle e Depletado Melanço, os dois últimos submetidos à depleçao protéica durante sete dias (do 1º ao 7º dia). Os animais foram pesados ao desmame (peso inicial) e no final do experimento (peso final), receberam as respectivas raçoes e água ad libitum durante 28 dias (animais sem depleçao) e 21 dias (animais depletados). Foi registrado o consumo total de alimentos para o cálculo do Coeficiente de Eficácia Alimentar (CEA). Ao final do experimento os animais foram submetidos a jejum dez (10) horas a seguir sacrificados; o sangre foi coletado por punçao cardíaca, para dosagem de hemoglobina. O ganho de peso dos animais do grupo controle nao diferiu significativamente em relaçao aos demais grupos. Os animais alimentados com raçao suplementada com melanço apresentaran aumento nao significativo na concentraçao média de hemoglobina. Considerando os possíveis efeitos prejudiciais á saúde que podem ser desencadeados por uma alimentaçao rica em açucares, que potencialmente dao origem ao furfural durante o processamento, faz-se necessário realizar outros estudos, para se avaliar a utilizaçao deste produto na alimentaçao humana

Relaçäo entre o mercúrio total e algumas variáveis em três subsistemas da planície de inundaçäo do rio Paraná / Relation between total mercury and some variable in three subsystems of the Parana river's floodplain

Total mercury concentrations were measured bimonthly between April 1994 and February 1995. Samples were made in three subsystems of the Paraná river's floodplain, between Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul States, Brazil. The total mercury content was determined by H2SO4/KMnO4 digestion, SnCl2 reduction, and vapour generation method analysis (CGCH900), adapted to Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (CGAA 7000 ABC). Mean mercury concentration in composite water varied from .64 to .78 ng.ml-1 in these subsystems. Potassium explained 59 per cent of the variability of water mercury in Paraná/Cortado, while pH explained 20 per cent and maximum depth explained 37 per cent in Baia/Guaraná and in Ivinhema/Patos, respectively. Some mercury values in April and August exceed criteria for issuance of water consumption advisories (>.002 ug.ml-1)

Efeito de uma mistura de valepotriatos na resposta de ansiedade induzida em voluntários submetidos a uma situaçäo de estresse psicológico / Effect of valepotriate in the response of induced anxiety in volunteers submitted to a psychological stressing situation

Três grupos de voluntários, após assinatura de um termo de consentimento de participaçäo em experimento, foram submetidos a minucioso exame clínico e complementar de laboratório, bem como a uma entrevista, para se determinar qualquer alteraçäo física ou psíquica que fosse impeditiva de participaçäo no experimento. Receberam, respectivamente, por via oral, placebo, diazepam (5mg) ou Valmane (50mg), em intervalos de 8 horas aproxidamente, iniciando-se o tratamento no dia anterior ao teste, sendo a última dose administrada duas horas antes do procedimento de eliciaçäo de ansiedade, o Stroop-Color Word Test filmado (VRSCWT). A resposta de ansiedade eliciada pela situaçäo foi avaliada pelo Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado de Spielberger. Os valores de ansiedade durante e após a situaçäo de teste, no grupo tratado com Valmane, näo diferiram dos valores-controle ou dos do grupo tratado com diazepam. Os resultados sugerem que o Valmane, na dose utilizada, apresenta, na situaçäo do teste de eliciaçäo de ansiedade, tendência a uma açäo semelhante ao do diazepam, apesar de menos potente. Os resultados mostraram ainda que o diazepam foi eficaz em impedir o aumento de ansiedade eliciado pela situaçäo de teste